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The Injury Atlas
CIN

Chronic Interstitial Nephropathy

Slow, cumulative tubulointerstitial scarring — fibrosis, tubular atrophy and glomerulosclerosis with no discrete acute phase. The nitrosourea (carmustine/lomustine) lesion and delayed radioligand (radiation) nephropathy; often irreversible and detected only as a creeping creatinine months to years later.

7signature agents

Where it strikes

Interstitium

Supporting tissue around the tubules

See it on the nephron

Agents’ overall severity

Each agent’s whole-drug severity grade, not the severity of this lesion specifically — an agent whose signature injury is elsewhere can still be graded severe here.

Moderate· 7

Agents’ overall reversibility

Often irreversible· 3Partially reversible· 4
Does the kidney recover? Cross-drug outcomes

Agents’ onset window

How soon each agent’s kidney toxicity typically appears — a whole-drug tempo, not specific to this lesion.

Delayed (weeks–months)· 7

Management approach

Full framework →

Largely preventive — cumulative-dose limits; established chronic interstitial fibrosis is often irreversible.

Drug-level levers

  • Respect cumulative-dose thresholds (e.g., the nitrosoureas) and monitor for the delayed, creeping creatinine.
  • Hold or avoid further exposure once progressive CKD appears.

Pharmacologic toolkit

  • Supportive CKD care — Blood-pressure and proteinuria control, avoid added nephrotoxins; no specific reversal therapy exists.

When to biopsy

Consider to confirm chronic interstitial nephropathy and exclude treatable alternatives when the cause of progressive CKD is unclear.

Monitoring

  • · Long-term creatinine / eGFR (months to years)
  • · Blood pressure and proteinuria

Educational use only. Educational synthesis of the published literature — not a treatment protocol, dosing guide, or medical advice. Regimens and agents shown are illustrative of what the literature describes; verify against current guidelines (ASON / KDIGO / ASCO / NCCN) and individualize to the patient. Using this site creates no clinician–patient relationship.

Signature offenders

7

Agents for which chronic interstitial nephropathy is the defining renal lesion.

PemetrexedDelayed / cumulative; risk rises after ~10 cycles.Clinically relevant eGFR decline (≥25%) in ~21%; ~8% discontinue for nephrotoxicity. Cumulative-dose dependent.ModerateCarmustine (BCNU)Delayed - months to years after cumulative exposure; conditioning-associated TMA appears within weeks.Insidious, cumulative-dose chronic nephrotoxicity; in classic high-cumulative-dose series the majority of long-term survivors develop reduced renal function, with small scarred kidneys. Acute injury is uncommon except via infusion hypotension or as part of conditioning-associated TMA/HUS.ModerateLomustine (CCNU)Delayed - months to years; dose-cumulative.Chronic, cumulative-dose nephrotoxicity analogous to carmustine; high-dose/long-duration exposure causes interstitial fibrosis and progressive CKD. Acute injury is uncommon and lomustine-specific incidence is not precisely quantified - the clinical signal is reported under the nitrosourea class.ModerateLutetium-177 DotatateDelayed — radiation nephropathy evolves over months to years after treatment; the amino-acid-related hyperkalemia is acute (during infusion).Clinically significant nephrotoxicity is uncommon when amino-acid renoprotection is used: in the NETTER-1 and large Erasmus/Rotterdam cohorts, no therapy-related long-term renal failure was attributed to lutetium-177 dotatate, and the typical long-term GFR decline is modest (~2 mL/min/year). In a 74-patient single-agent 177Lu-octreotate cohort with dedicated long-term follow-up, CTCAE grade >=3 nephrotoxicity occurred in one patient (1.3%) — who also had arterial hypertension and prior chemotherapy — while a slower GFR decline was more common; the more feared long-term toxicity is delayed MDS/AML (~1-2%).ModerateLutetium-177 PSMA-617 (vipivotide)Renal changes are delayed/gradual; xerostomia can appear early during treatment.Clinically significant nephrotoxicity is uncommon in trial populations and is not well quantified; in VISION renal adverse events were infrequent. Dosimetry consistently shows the kidney is the highest-dose internal organ, but the dose-limiting clinical toxicities are usually xerostomia (salivary/lacrimal uptake) and myelosuppression rather than renal failure. Reported rate: grade >=3 ctcae nephrotoxicity worsening to grade 3 in 9.4% — 32 consecutive heavily pre-treated mCRPC patients selected by 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and given 177Lu-PSMA-617 monotherapy… (Maffey-Steffan 2020, PMID 31776632).ModerateFotemustineDelayed — weeks to months, and cumulative with repeated cycles; chronic interstitial injury may appear after prolonged exposure.Renal toxicity is generally reported as mild within fotemustine regimens, but, consistent with the nitrosourea class, delayed tubulointerstitial injury/ATN can occur; in one combination study renal toxicity was mild yet possibly contributed to two deaths. Drug-specific incidence is not well quantified and is often confounded by co-administered cisplatin.ModerateNimustine (ACNU)Delayed and cumulative — typically over months of repeated cycles, mirroring the nitrosourea class.Drug-specific human renal-toxicity data for nimustine are thin; renal risk is asserted largely at the class level. Like other nitrosoureas, cumulative dosing is associated with delayed tubulointerstitial injury and CKD, but a reliable nimustine-specific incidence is not established. Dose-limiting toxicity is hematologic (delayed myelosuppression).Moderate